The Most Powerful Indians in 2. Narendra Modi tops, Yogi Adityanath enters list. By: Express News Service . Look at it, also, to get a sense of how, over the past year, power has changed hands — and how power itself has changed. To take the second change first, which is also the context in which the first — the movement of the powerful — is to be tracked: More than any other in recent times, the past year has framed and sharpened an absence in India’s liberal democratic imagination. Liberal democracy in India has always seemed ill- trained in the art of separation that produces a check and balance on power, and is also a way of fragmenting it. Democracy in India doesn’t ask itself the question, at least not often enough, and not with enough sophistication: What are the bases of different institutions? What are the different kinds of power? It is in this space of unasked questions that the steep climb and precipitous fall of individuals in the IE power list tells a story, of course. Large meanings can also be prised from the small shifts. Buffalo Laser Spa and Cheryl's Hair Removal Center offers laser hair removal, laser fat removal, diet and weight loss programs. Buffalo's original Laser Spa and Lipo. Dermacol Cosmetics Make up Skin Care Body Care Makeup Cosmetics Beauty. Preface-- by Jarod Johansen: Lower Hanging Testicles?. Is This Possible? Welcome to the popular "The Art of Ball. Last updated 2/2008 *italicized words have corresponding definitions AAOP (American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists): As a professional society of orthotists. The Thomas Factor: Using Your Doubts to Draw Closer to God: by Gary R. Habermas Originally published by Broadman & Holman: Nashville. The top three of 2. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, BJP president Amit Shah and RSS sarsanghchalak Mohan Bhagwat — but with a difference. While Modi remains numero uno, Shah trades places with Bhagwat. The moving up of Shah, the stepping down of Bhagwat, if only by a rung each, speaks of an unfolding realignment within the Sangh Parivar — the dramatic electoral successes of the Modi- Shah election machine are helping them pull ahead of not just their opponents and rivals but also their friends. The year 2. 01. 5- 2. Opposition struck back at the BJP dominance established by its 2. Arvind Kejriwal’s AAP routed the BJP in Delhi, then the Nitish Kumar- Lalu Prasad Mahagathbandhan trounced it in Bihar. It was also the year when the BJP’s political project seemed challenged by events and stories outside the political arena that snowballed, acquired power, became writ large — the murder of Mohammad Akhlaq in Dadri over rumours of beef in September 2. Dalit student Rohith Vemula at the Hyderabad University campus in January 2. This was followed by the spreading protests against the arrest of students in JNU on charges of sedition, which also stoked a wide and vibrant debate on the meaning of nationalism. Yet, in 2. 01. 7, that agitation and those debates seem frayed and faded already. Their dramatis personae, like the fiery JNU student leaders, are no longer prominent on the stage.
June 14, 2017 Tanzanite & diamond ring 1.97ct. We’re up to our old tricks again, turning something old into something new. Industry Terms Glossary You will find a glossary of commonly use industry terms and definitions. Request Demo They have been relegated by the inevitable return to business- as- usual, yes, but also by the sound and spectacle of the BJP’s electoral victories, especially and most recently in Uttar Pradesh. Unsurprising, then, that a host of Opposition leaders move down the power list: Arvind Kejriwal slips from No. Mayawati who was at 3. Lalu Prasad is down from 2. The Gandhis, Sonia and Rahul, may not show as great a fall — from 5 to 9 and from 9 to 1. But there is a settled stolid dullness to their ranking, especially when you contrast it with the blistering trajectory of Yogi Adityanath, a new entrant at No. Himanta Biswa Sarma who left the Congress to become powerful in the BJP, and who is also a new entry in the list, at 3. Nitish Kumar, who had seemed for a while last year to be the emerging rallying point for anti- BJP forces, has receded only from 1. All those who are on the list are there because of the individuals that they are and because of the institutions and offices that they represent. But the rise in the list of Chief Justice Khehar, from 4. Dipak Misra at 1. Justice Lodha at 7. How these individuals act on their institutions, steer their course, will determine their ranking in next year’s list. And what about the non- political powerful of 2. Except for the feisty Kangana Ranaut gatecrashing this list of 9. Bollywood, in the most powerful and empowering way possible, well, what about them? Here is the list: Also Read . Narendra Damodardas Modi, 6. Prime Minister of India(Rank 2. Why. Because nearly three years into his term, he remains the unchallenged Number 1. Because under him, the BJP looks unstoppable, forcing the Opposition to continually play catch- up. Every key move the Modi government makes — from surgical strikes to demonetisation — is done in his name. Under him, the Prime Minister’s Office wields almost absolute power, inviting awe and criticism in equal measure. His relentless campaigning fuelled the party’s sweep in Uttar Pradesh, setting the stage for 2. His constant communication underlines the power of his politics. Power Punch Demonetisation. Its economics may have been suspect but its politics was pure gold. He proved his critics wrong and projected the hugely disruptive note ban as a transformational reform that people must support for the greater good. And they did. What Next Halfway into his term, he’s looking beyond 2. Economy and employment, rising expectations of the young remain his key challenges at home that will also define his place in the world. By the way. He loves photography, shoots a lot and always directs photographers even as he poses for them. Amit Shah, 5. 2BJP President(Rank 2. Why. He pushes the RSS chief down one rank because he has established himself as the BJP’s trump card. Despite the criticism over his style of functioning, Shah has proved he is the most effective strategist, whether in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra or Manipur. He not only led the party to historic victories in UP and Uttarakhand by stitching together a new social coalition, but also choreographed the BJP takeover of Goa and Manipur. Power Punch. Shah stuck to his handpicked candidates for Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, including some who joined the party on the eve of the release of the list. What next. Elections in Gujarat later this year. He realises the party’s performance here is tied to his prestige as well as that of the PM. By the way. He has been on a strict weight- loss programme and has already lost over 1. Mohan Bhagwat, 6. RSS sarsanghchalak(Rank 2. Why. Without rocking any boats, like in the Atal Bihari Vajpayee years, he has ensured that the RSS and the BJP government remain in step and in sync. Despite the rebellion in the Goa unit and some swayamsevaks carping over tickets in UP and Uttarakhand, Bhagwat’s Sangh has emerged as the perfect foil to the Modi government. Power Punch. His public disagreements are keenly heard. For instance, his disapproval of the draft education policy prompted the Centre to review it. What Next. To push the RSS agenda on triple talaq and empowerment of Dalits and other backward classes, especially in southern states. By the way. Finds time to watch movies with close friends from Nagpur. J S Khehar, 6. 4Chief Justice of India(Rank 2. Why. With the judiciary and the executive locked in a struggle over delay in appointments to the higher judiciary and a new Memorandum of Procedure (Mo. P), the CJI, who heads the collegium that clear the names of judges for high courts and the apex court, plays a key role. Besides, he will hear all important PILs in the Supreme Court. Power Punch. The SC collegium under him has stood its ground, virtually rejecting every contentious clause that the Modi government wanted in the new Mo. P. What Next. He is expected to head the Constitution bench that will decide the validity of Aadhaar and the contours of the right to privacy. By the way. He often refers to his wife as . Ajit Doval, 7. 2National Security Advisor(Rank 2. Why. Because he is the most important bureaucrat in the Modi government. He has the Prime Minister’s ear on everything, from foreign policy and the challenges of terror to negotiations with the Naga rebels. Power Punch. Following the public announcement of the surgical strikes in Po. K last November, he is said to have controlled the flow of information and played a key role in shaping the narrative. What Next. To quickly gauge the Trump administration and work on common areas so that New Delhi is able to tap into the new Washington. By the way. Still responds to every single soldierly salutation in his office with a loud and brisk “vishraam, araam se”. Arun Jaitley, 6. 4Union Finance Minister(Rank 2. Why. The effective No 2 in the Modi cabinet, Jaitley has the task of steering the economy towards higher growth amid a slowdown resulting from demonetisation. With Manohar Parrikar heading to Goa, Jaitley holds additional charge of the crucial defence ministry. Power Punch. After a series of hectic negotiations with states and political parties, Jaitley was able to get the Constitutional amendment related to GST passed by Parliament. A crucial indirect tax reform, consensus on which once seemed impossible, GST is likely to be implemented from. July 1. What Next. Improving the country’s tax base and ensuring that people stay the course on digital transactions. By the way. He is on very friendly terms with Captain Amarinder Singh, the man who defeated him in the bitterly fought Amritsar Lok Sabha contest. Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani, 5. Chairman, Reliance Industries(Rank 2. Why. Continues to remain the richest Indian with a net worth of Rs 1,7. US $2. 6 billion), according to the Hurun Global Rich List. He is now focusing on his telecom venture, Reliance Jio, which is making aggressive plans in the segment, giving established players such as Airtel a run for their money. The group’s sprawling media ownership is now a role model for other corporates. Power Punch. Jio has secured over 1. What Next. With Jio set to charge customers from April, his next move in the intensely competitive telecom sector will be keenly watched. By the way. A nature buff, Ambani loves to visit wildlife hotspots such as Kruger National Park in South Africa. Yogi Adityanath, 4. Chief Minister, Uttar Pradesh(Rank 2. New entry)Why. For being chief minister of India’s most populous state, where the BJP and its allies have come to power with a thumping mandate, winning 3. A key Hindutva face of the BJP, he surprised nearly everyone by becoming the party’s choice to lead the state government. Basics of Space Flight: Rocket Propulsion. Isaac Newton stated in his third law of motion that . Propellants are combined in a combustion chamber where they chemically react to form hot gases which are then accelerated and ejected at high velocity through a nozzle, thereby imparting momentum to the engine. The thrust force of a rocket motor is the reaction experienced by the motor structure due to ejection of the high velocity matter. This is the same phenomenon which pushes a garden hose backward as water flows from the nozzle, or makes a gun recoil when fired. Physically speaking, it is the result of pressure which is exerted on the wall of the combustion chamber. The pressure distribution within the chamber is asymmetric; that is, inside the chamber the pressure varies little, but near the nozzle it decreases somewhat. The force due to gas pressure on the bottom of the chamber is not compensated for from the outside. The resultant force F due to the internal and external pressure difference, the thrust, is opposite to the direction of the gas jet. It pushes the chamber upwards. It is also necessary to reduce the pressure of the gas as much as possible inside the nozzle by creating a large section ratio. The section ratio, or expansion ratio, is defined as the area of the exit Ae divided by the area of the throat At. As we shall see in the next section, applying the principle of the conservation of momentum gives. Pa the pressure of the ambient atmosphere, Pe the pressure of the exhaust gases and Ve their ejection speed. Thrust is specified either at sea level or in a vacuum. That is. Newton expressed his second law of motion in terms of momentum, which can be stated as . In symbolic form this becomes. F=ma. When the resultant external force acting on a system is zero, the total linear momentum of the system remains constant. This is called the principle of conservation of linear momentum. Let's now see how this principle is applied to rocket mechanics. The rocket's engine is fired for time t and, during this period, ejects gases at a constant rate and at a constant speed relative to the rocket (exhaust velocity). Assume there are no external forces, such as gravity or air resistance. The rocket and fuel have a total mass M and the combination is moving with velocity v as seen from a particular frame of reference. At a time t later the configuration has changed to that shown in Figure 1. A mass M has been ejected from the rocket and is moving with velocity u as seen by the observer. The rocket is reduced to mass M- M and the velocity v of the rocket is changed to v+v. We can write, for the time interval twhere P2 is the final system momentum, Figure 1. P1 is the initial system momentum, Figure 1. We write. If we let t approach zero, v/t approaches dv/dt, the acceleration of the body. The quantity M is the mass ejected in t; this leads to a decrease in the mass M of the original body. Since d. M/dt, the change in mass of the body with time, is negative in this case, in the limit the quantity M/t is replaced by - d. M/dt. The quantity u- (v+v) is Vrel, the relative velocity of the ejected mass with respect to the rocket. With these changes, equation (1. The right- hand term depends on the characteristics of the rocket and, like the left- hand term, has the dimensions of a force. This force is called the thrust, and is the reaction force exerted on the rocket by the mass that leaves it. The rocket designer can make the thrust as large as possible by designing the rocket to eject mass as rapidly as possible (d. M/dt large) and with the highest possible relative speed (Vrel large). The product q. Ve, which we derived above (Vrel . The product (Pe- Pa)Ae, called the pressure thrust, is the result of unbalanced pressure forces at the nozzle exit. As we shall see latter, maximum thrust occurs when Pe=Pa. The equation expresses that, when a particle is acted upon by a force F during a given time interval, the final momentum p. F during the interval of time. When a problem involves a system of particles, we may add vectorially the momenta of all the particles and the impulses of all the forces involved. When can then write. For a time interval t, we may write equation (1. Let us now see how we can apply the principle of impulse and momentum to rocket mechanics. The fuel is consumed at a constant rate q and is expelled at a constant speed Ve relative to the rocket. At time t, the mass of the rocket shell and remaining fuel is M- qt, and the velocity is v. During the time interval t, a mass of fuel qt is expelled. Denoting by u the absolute velocity of the expelled fuel, we apply the principle of impulse and momentum between time t and time t+t. Please note, this derivation neglects the effect of air resistance. As t approaches zero, we obtain. Separating variables and integrating from t=0, v=0 to t=t, v=v, we obtain. The term - gt in equation (1. Earth's gravity pulling on the rocket. For a rocket drifting in space, - gt is not applicable and can be omitted. Equation (1. 1. 5) thus becomes. Click here for example problem #1. Note that M represents the initial mass of the rocket and M- qt the final mass. Equation (1. 1. 7) is also known as Tsiolkovsky's rocket equation, named after Russian rocket pioneer Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky (1. 85. Equation (1. 1. 7) therefore becomes. Alternatively, we can write. Rearranging variables, we have. Click here for example problem #1. The combustion process involves the oxidation of constituents in the fuel that are capable of being oxidized, and can therefore be represented by a chemical equation. During a combustion process the mass of each element remains the same. Consider the reaction of methane with oxygen. This equation states that one mole of methane reacts with two moles of oxygen to form one mole of carbon dioxide and two moles of water. This also means that 1. All the initial substances that undergo the combustion process are called the reactants, and the substances that result from the combustion process are called the products. The highest flame temperature is achieved under these conditions, however it is often desirable to operate a rocket engine at a . Mixture ratio is defined as the mass flow of oxidizer divided by the mass flow of fuel. For a volume- constrained vehicle with a low- density fuel such as liquid hydrogen, significant reductions in vehicle size can be achieved by shifting to a higher O/F ratio. In that case, the losses in performance are more than compensated for by the reduced fuel tankage requirement. Also consider the example of bipropellant systems using NTO/MMH, where a mixture ratio of 1. Equal sizing simplifies tank manufacturing, system packaging, and integration. The ideal exhaust velocity is given by. R* is the universal gas constant (8,3. J/kmol- K in SI units, or 4. R in U. S. The thermodynamics involved in calculating combustion temperatures are quite complicated, however, flame temperatures generally range from about 2,5. C (4,5. 00- 6,5. 00 o. F). Chamber pressures can range from about about 7 to 2. Pe should be equal to the ambient pressure at which the engine will operate, more on this later. Based on this criterion, we can see why liquid hydrogen is very desirable as a rocket fuel. That is, the high heat of combustion causes the separation of molecules into simpler constituents that are then capable of recombining. Consider the reaction of kerosene with oxygen. The true products of combustion will be an equilibrium mixture of atoms and molecules consisting of C, CO, CO2, H, H2, H2. O, HO, O, and O2. Dissociation has a significant effect on flame temperature. See Propellant Combustion Charts to find optimum mixture ratio, adiabatic flame temperature, gas molecular weight, and specific heat ratio for some common rocket propellants. Thus gasoline is usually considered to be octane, C8. H1. 8, and kerosene is considered to be dodecane, C1. H2. 6. Specific heat is measured at constant- pressure, CP, or at constant- volume, CV. The ratio CP/CV is called the specific heat ratio, represented by k or . When the thrust and the flow rate remain constant throughout the burning of the propellant, the specific impulse is the time for which the rocket engine provides a thrust equal to the weight of the propellant consumed. It is therefore important to state whether specific impulse is the value at sea level or in a vacuum. Overall, the losses affect the efficiency of the specific impulse. This is the ratio of the real specific impulse (at sea level, or in a vacuum) and the theoretical specific impulse obtained with an ideal nozzle from gases coming from a complete chemical reaction. Calculated values of specific impulse are several percent higher than those attained in practice. It is rare we are given the value of C directly, however rocket engine specific impulse is a commonly given parameter from which we can easily calculate C. Delivered values of C* range from about 1,3. The combustion chamber is where the burning of propellants takes place at high pressure. The chamber must be strong enough to contain the high pressure generated by, and the high temperature resulting from, the combustion process. Because of the high temperature and heat transfer, the chamber and nozzle are usually cooled. The chamber must also be of sufficient length to ensure complete combustion before the gases enter the nozzle. The nozzle converts the slow moving, high pressure, high temperature gas in the combustion chamber into high velocity gas of lower pressure and temperature. Since thrust is the product of mass and velocity, a very high gas velocity is desirable. Nozzles consist of a convergent and divergent section. The minimum flow area between the convergent and divergent section is called the nozzle throat. The flow area at the end of the divergent section is called the nozzle exit area.
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